僅僅是限制庫存需求的作法不足以啟動拉式系統。我的經驗是人們不會維持拉式的運作,除非建立一套正式的系統,不然難以落實拉式的運作方式。雖然相關的概念不難理解,但是卻與一般的直覺背道而馳。在改變過程中遭遇困難或情況發生變化時,自然的反應傾向於走回頭路,回到原來熟悉的作法。
這個高層次的流程圖解方式專注於指出無加值的時間( the Non-Value-Added time ),產品在生產系統中停留,花費無加值結果的時間。由於在典型情況是前置時間的 95% 以上是無加值時間,價值流程圖解析方法能有效指出實施拉式系統,與縮短前置時間的機會。
一種典型的作法是選擇一個產品或一種產品進行圖解。如果選擇一個種類的產品,這個種類的產品應該使用同類型的資源(機器,車間,員工等),或未來能使用同類型的資源。接著選擇流程圖的起點與終點,經常是從接到訂單到送交產品為止。然而,在一開始實施拉式系統,經常觀察價值流的一部份,例如一個部門。
一旦現況價值流圖( the Current State Map ),應用一系列的步驟來建構一張未來價值流圖( a Future State Map ),這張圖描述一個近程的未來系統。未來價值流圖上加有一些改善的缺口( Kaizen Bursts ),這是要能從現況轉成未來的重要改善之處。
拉式排程系統( Pull Scheduling Systems )能大幅且快速地改善公司的績效,能有利於促進長期的持續改善。然而,這些系統與本能的直覺相反,並未被大多數管理人與重要決策者充分理解。實施這些拉式系統並不困難,但是需要仔細規劃實行的作法、培訓及持續學習的毅力。
秉持持續改善的精神,希望能得到讀者對本文的寶貴意見,作者希望能根據自己的實務經驗與讀者的回饋,持續修改本文的內容(註:寶貴意見請 email 至協會 sunny.toc@gmail.com )。
| Terms
|
術語 |
概念 |
Concepts |
| Average Demand per period |
一段期間的平均需求值 |
一段時間內的平均顧客需求值(通常是一天或一週)。 |
Average customer demand per a period of time (usually a day or a week). |
| Buffer |
緩衝 |
在一個限制資源前,排隊等待的工作。緩衝是有必要的,以防止限制資源無事可做,而降低有效產出。 |
Work waiting in queue in front of a Constraint. A buffer is necessary to keep the constraint from starving for work, which will reduce throughput. |
| Business processes are Dependent |
業務程序的相依性質 |
改變一個程序會在某程度上,影響某些或其他部份的程序。 |
A change in one process will tend to affect some or all of the other processes in some way. |
| Business processes are not additive |
業務程序不是加總性質 |
改善一個程序通常不會正面地影響營業的整體表現及獲利能力。事實上,根據業務程序是相依性的原則,可察覺到常常一個區塊的改善,會降低系統的整體表現。 |
An improvement to one process will usually not affect the overall performance and profitability of a business in a positive way. In fact, based on the Business processes are Dependent principle, what is perceived to be an improvement in one area will often reduce the overall performance of the system. |
| Capped FIFO Lanes |
有限制的先進先出動線 |
一種拉式方法,於工序間以先進先出的作業順序,來限制在製品的數量。 |
A Pull method that limits WIP between processes with a processing sequence of First-In-First-Out. |
| Constraint |
限制 |
一個資源或一個政策限制一個系統的產出。 |
A resource or a policy that limits the output of a system. |
| Cost Formulas |
成本公式 |
前置時間 = 成本 = 在製品 / 速率。這表示必須降低在製品,以降低前置時間及成本。 |
Lead-Time = Cost = WIP / Rate
This implies that you must reduce WIP to reduce lead-time and cost. |
| Customer Lead-time (LT) |
顧客前置時間 |
從收到訂單到送交產品的總時間。 |
The amount of time from order receipt until product delivery. |
| Customer Process |
顧客程序 |
一個拉式系統的下流程序。 |
Downstream process in a Pull System. |
| Direction of Information Flow |
資訊流的方向 |
在一個推式系統中,在整個價值流的資訊與產品流的方向相同。在一個拉式系統中,在整個價值流的資訊與產品流的方向相反。 |
In a Push System, information and products flow in the same direction through the Value Stream. In a Pull System, information and products flow in opposite directions through the Value Stream. |
| Drum |
鼓 |
在鼓緩衝繩的拉式系統中的限制程序,它提供系統中所有其他程序遵循的節奏或步調。 |
The Constraint process in a Drum Buffer Rope Pull System. Provides the cadence or pace which all other processes in the system follow. |
| Drum Buffer Rope |
鼓 緩衝 繩 |
一種拉式方法,限制系統中之系統限制(鼓)與第一個程序間的在製品(繩)數量,並設計成總是有些在製品(緩衝)等在系統限制程序之前。 |
A Pull method that limits WIP (Rope) between the Constraint (Drum) and the first process in the system. Is designed so that there is always some WIP (Buffer) waiting before the Constraint process. |
| FIFO Lane |
先進先出的動線 |
先進先出的作業順序規則。 |
Processing sequence rule of First-In-First-Out. |
| Flow |
流動 |
在價值流程上,持續向前移動的產品作業程序。 |
Processing state where products move continuously forward in the Value Stream. |
| Kanban card |
看板卡 |
卡、片、容器或其他用具,用於一個拉式系統,以授權資源開工。 |
Card, chip, container, or other device used in a Pull System to authorize a resource to do work. |
| Lead-time reduction benefits |
縮短前置時間的利益 |
1.增加銷售
2.
改善品質
3.
降低營運成本提升產能及有效產出
4.
降低投資資產
5.
增加員工的滿意度(士氣) |
1.Increased sales
2.
Improved quality
3.
Reduced operating costs
4.
Increased capacity and throughput
5. Reduced invested assets
6.Increased employee satisfaction (morale ) |
| Lean Cost Accounting |
精實成本會計 |
成本會計、衡量與決策方法支撐及與精實生產一致,一般傾向縮短前置時間及改善現金流的決策。 |
Cost accounting, measurement, and decision methods that support and align with Lean Manufacturing. Will generally favor decisions that reduce lead-time and improve cash flow. |
| Little's Law |
利特爾法則 |
前置時間 = 在製品 / 速率 |
Lead-Time = WIP / Rate |
| Manufacturing Lead-time (LT) |
製造前置時間 |
從釋出訂單到製造,直到完成產品及可送交的總時間。 |
The amount of time from release of order to manufacturing until product is completed and ready for delivery. |
| On-Deck |
預備區 |
一個拉式系統中等待開工的訂單。 |
Orders waiting to be started in a Pull System. |
| Pull System |
拉式系統 |
一個排程系統中,以某種方式限制庫存數量。註:庫存可以是原物料、在製品、成品等。
|
A scheduling system where inventory is limited in some way. Note – Inventory can be raw materials, WIP, finished goods, etc. |
| Push System |
推式系統 |
一個排程系統中,庫存數量並未被正式限制。 |
A scheduling system where inventory is not formally limited. |
| Rate |
速率 |
每個時間單位中,完成的產品數目。 |
The number of products completed per unit of time. |
| Re-order point |
再訂購點 |
在超市補貨系統中,只要是庫存加上開工數量的總和,低於再訂購點的數量,就發出一張新訂單給供應程序。 |
In a Supermarket Replenishment system, whenever the inventory plus the open order quantity drops below the re-order point, a new order is generated for the Supplying Process. |
| Re-order quantity |
再訂購數量 |
拉式系統中產品的標準固定的再訂購數量。 |
Standard fixed quantity of product to re-order in a pull system. |
| Rope |
繩 |
在鼓緩衝繩的拉式系統中,限制在第一個程序與系統限制程序間的在製品數量。 |
The WIP limit in a Drum Buffer Rope Pull System between the first process and the Constraint. |
| Service Level |
服務水位 |
樂見的補貨時間比例,以維持超市貨架至少有些產品,可用於顧客程序。 |
The desired percent of time that the Supermarket Shelf will have at least some product available for the Customer Process. |
| Single Schedule Point |
單一排程點 |
在拉式系統中的單一程序,這是獨立排程之處,其他所有程序則依拉式系統的運作排程。 |
Single process in a Pull System where the entire Pull System will be independently scheduled. All other processes are scheduled by the Pull System itself. |
| Single point schedule location |
單一排程點的位置 |
整個拉式系統中,緊跟最後超市點之後的程序。 |
The process immediately after the last Supermarket in the entire Pull System. |
| Supermarket Replenishment |
超市補貨 |
拉式方法中,以超市連結顧客程序與供應程序,建立每一個部件的再訂購點與再訂購數目。 |
Pull method where a Supermarket connects a Customer Process with a Supplier Process. For each part number, a re-order point and a re-order quantity is established. |
| Supermarket Shelf |
超市貨架 |
在超市補貨系統中,實體成品的存貨位置。 |
The physical stocking location for completed product in a Supermarket Replenishment system. |
| Supplying Process |
供應程序 |
拉式系統中的上游程序。 |
Upstream process in a Pull System. |
| Throughput |
有效產出 |
系統在每個時間單位的完成工作的總數。一般而言,有效產出 = (銷售 - 直接物料)。 |
Amount of work completed by a system per unit of time. Typically, Throughput = (Sales – Direct Materials). |
| Traditional Cost Accounting |
傳統的成本會計 |
成本會計的方式試圖將成本分攤到產品。這個方式,分攤經常費用,通常與直接人工成本成比例。 |
Cost Accounting approach that attempts to assign costs to products. In this approach, overhead is allocated, usually in proportion to direct labor. |
| Transfer batch |
轉移批量 |
容許被搬動或轉移從供應程序到顧客程序的工作數量。 |
The amount of work that is allowed to collect up before being moved or t ran sferred from a Supplier Process to a Customer Process. |
| Variability in Demand per period |
每時期的需求變化性 |
期間性的需求數量變化,一般以 標準偏差衡量之。 |
The amount of variation in demand from period to period. This is typically measured in Standard Deviations. |
| Visual Controls |
視覺控制 |
員工能以視覺來控制程序,不需或只需很少的指令。典型的例子包含停車場、停車燈、空貨架等之動線。 |
Controls that people can process visually with little or no instruction or direction. Typical examples include lines in parking lots, stop lights, empty shelves, etc. |
| WIP Cap |
在製品限制 |
拉式方法中限制幾個程序步驟間的在製品數量(不是限制每個程序的數量)。 |
Pull method where Work in Progress is limited across several processing steps (but not specifically limited at each step). |
| Work in Progress (WIP) |
在製品 |
已開工,未完成的工作。 |
Work that has been started, but is not yet complete. |