仅仅是限制库存需求的作法不足以启动拉式系统。我的经验是人们不会维持拉式的运作,除非建立一套正式的系统,不然难以落实拉式的运作方式。虽然相关的概念不难理解,但是却与一般的直觉背道而驰。在改变过程中遭遇困难或情况发生变化时,自然的反应倾向于走回头路,回到原来熟悉的作法。
这个高层次的流程图解方式专注于指出无加值的时间( the Non-Value-Added time ),产品在生产系统中停留,花费无加值结果的时间。由于在典型情况是前置时间的 95% 以上是无加值时间,价值流程图解析方法能有效指出实施拉式系统,与缩短前置时间的机会。
一种典型的作法是选择一个产品或一种产品进行图解。如果选择一个种类的产品,这个种类的产品应该使用同类型的资源(机器,车间,员工等),或未来能使用同类型的资源。接着选择流程图的起点与终点,经常是从接到订单到送交产品为止。然而,在一开始实施拉式系统,经常观察价值流的一部份,例如一个部门。
一旦现况价值流图( the Current State Map ),应用一系列的步骤来建构一张未来价值流图( a Future State Map ),这张图描述一个近程的未来系统。未来价值流图上加有一些改善的缺口( Kaizen Bursts ),这是要能从现况转成未来的重要改善之处。
拉式排程系统( Pull Scheduling Systems )能大幅且快速地改善公司的绩效,能有利于促进长期的持续改善。然而,这些系统与本能的直觉相反,并未被大多数管理人与重要决策者充分理解。实施这些拉式系统并不困难,但是需要仔细规划实行的作法、培训及持续学习的毅力。
秉持持续改善的精神,希望能得到读者对本文的宝贵意见,作者希望能根据自己的实务经验与读者的回馈,持续修改本文的内容(注:宝贵意见请 email 至协会 sunny.toc@gmail.com )。
| Terms
|
术语 |
概念 |
Concepts |
| Average Demand per period |
一段期间的平均需求值 |
一段时间内的平均顾客需求值(通常是一天或一周)。 |
Average customer demand per a period of time (usually a day or a week). |
| Buffer |
缓冲 |
在一个限制资源前,排队等待的工作。缓冲是有必要的,以防止限制资源无事可做,而降低有效产出。 |
Work waiting in queue in front of a Constraint. A buffer is necessary to keep the constraint from starving for work, which will reduce throughput. |
| Business processes are Dependent |
业务程序的相依性质 |
改变一个程序会在某程度上,影响某些或其它部份的程序。 |
A change in one process will tend to affect some or all of the other processes in some way. |
| Business processes are not additive |
业务程序不是加总性质 |
改善一个程序通常不会正面地影响营业的整体表现及获利能力。事实上,根据业务程序是相依性的原则,可察觉到常常一个区块的改善,会降低系统的整体表现。 |
An improvement to one process will usually not affect the overall performance and profitability of a business in a positive way. In fact, based on the Business processes are Dependent principle, what is perceived to be an improvement in one area will often reduce the overall performance of the system. |
| Capped FIFO Lanes |
有限制的先进先出动线 |
一种拉式方法,于工序间以先进先出的作业顺序,来限制在制品的数量。 |
A Pull method that limits WIP between processes with a processing sequence of First-In-First-Out. |
| Constraint |
限制 |
一个资源或一个政策限制一个系统的产出。 |
A resource or a policy that limits the output of a system. |
| Cost Formulas |
成本公式 |
前置时间 = 成本 = 在制品 / 速率。这表示必须降低在制品,以降低前置时间及成本。 |
Lead-Time = Cost = WIP / Rate
This implies that you must reduce WIP to reduce lead-time and cost. |
| Customer Lead-time (LT) |
顾客前置时间 |
从收到订单到送交产品的总时间。 |
The amount of time from order receipt until product delivery. |
| Customer Process |
顾客程序 |
一个拉式系统的下流程序。 |
Downstream process in a Pull System. |
| Direction of Information Flow |
信息流的方向 |
在一个推式系统中,在整个价值流的信息与产品流的方向相同。在一个拉式系统中,在整个价值流的信息与产品流的方向相反。 |
In a Push System, information and products flow in the same direction through the Value Stream. In a Pull System, information and products flow in opposite directions through the Value Stream. |
| Drum |
鼓 |
在鼓缓冲绳的拉式系统中的限制程序,它提供系统中所有其它程序遵循的节奏或步调。 |
The Constraint process in a Drum Buffer Rope Pull System. Provides the cadence or pace which all other processes in the system follow. |
| Drum Buffer Rope |
鼓 缓冲 绳 |
一种拉式方法,限制系统中之系统限制(鼓)与第一个程序间的在制品(绳)数量,并设计成总是有些在制品(缓冲)等在系统限制程序之前。 |
A Pull method that limits WIP (Rope) between the Constraint (Drum) and the first process in the system. Is designed so that there is always some WIP (Buffer) waiting before the Constraint process. |
| FIFO Lane |
先进先出的动线 |
先进先出的作业顺序规则。 |
Processing sequence rule of First-In-First-Out. |
| Flow |
流动 |
在价值流程上,持续向前移动的产品作业程序。 |
Processing state where products move continuously forward in the Value Stream. |
| Kanban card |
广告牌卡 |
卡、片、容器或其它用具,用于一个拉式系统,以授权资源开工。 |
Card, chip, container, or other device used in a Pull System to authorize a resource to do work. |
| Lead-time reduction benefits |
缩短前置时间的利益 |
1.增加销售
2.
改善质量
3.
降低营运成本提升产能及有效产出
4.
降低投资资产
5.
增加员工的满意度(士气) |
1.Increased sales
2.
Improved quality
3.
Reduced operating costs
4.
Increased capacity and throughput
5. Reduced invested assets
6.Increased employee satisfaction (morale ) |
| Lean Cost Accounting |
精实成本会计 |
成本会计、衡量与决策方法支撑及与精实生产一致,一般倾向缩短前置时间及改善现金流的决策。 |
Cost accounting, measurement, and decision methods that support and align with Lean Manufacturing. Will generally favor decisions that reduce lead-time and improve cash flow. |
| Little's Law |
利特尔法则 |
前置时间 = 在制品 / 速率 |
Lead-Time = WIP / Rate |
| Manufacturing Lead-time (LT) |
制造前置时间 |
从释出订单到制造,直到完成产品及可送交的总时间。 |
The amount of time from release of order to manufacturing until product is completed and ready for delivery. |
| On-Deck |
预备区 |
一个拉式系统中等待开工的订单。 |
Orders waiting to be started in a Pull System. |
| Pull System |
拉式系统 |
一个排程系统中,以某种方式限制库存数量。注:库存可以是原物料、在制品、成品等。
|
A scheduling system where inventory is limited in some way. Note – Inventory can be raw materials, WIP, finished goods, etc. |
| Push System |
推式系统 |
一个排程系统中,库存数量并未被正式限制。 |
A scheduling system where inventory is not formally limited. |
| Rate |
速率 |
每个时间单位中,完成的产品数目。 |
The number of products completed per unit of time. |
| Re-order point |
再订购点 |
在超市补货系统中,只要是库存加上开工数量的总和,低于再订购点的数量,就发出一张新订单给供应程序。 |
In a Supermarket Replenishment system, whenever the inventory plus the open order quantity drops below the re-order point, a new order is generated for the Supplying Process. |
| Re-order quantity |
再订购数量 |
拉式系统中产品的标准固定的再订购数量。 |
Standard fixed quantity of product to re-order in a pull system. |
| Rope |
绳 |
在鼓缓冲绳的拉式系统中,限制在第一个程序与系统限制程序间的在制品数量。 |
The WIP limit in a Drum Buffer Rope Pull System between the first process and the Constraint. |
| Service Level |
服务水位 |
乐见的补货时间比例,以维持超市货架至少有些产品,可用于顾客程序。 |
The desired percent of time that the Supermarket Shelf will have at least some product available for the Customer Process. |
| Single Schedule Point |
单一排程点 |
在拉式系统中的单一程序,这是独立排程之处,其它所有程序则依拉式系统的运作排程。 |
Single process in a Pull System where the entire Pull System will be independently scheduled. All other processes are scheduled by the Pull System itself. |
| Single point schedule location |
单一排程点的位置 |
整个拉式系统中,紧跟最后超市点之后的程序。 |
The process immediately after the last Supermarket in the entire Pull System. |
| Supermarket Replenishment |
超市补货 |
拉式方法中,以超市连结顾客程序与供应程序,建立每一个部件的再订购点与再订购数目。 |
Pull method where a Supermarket connects a Customer Process with a Supplier Process. For each part number, a re-order point and a re-order quantity is established. |
| Supermarket Shelf |
超市货架 |
在超市补货系统中,实体成品的存货位置。 |
The physical stocking location for completed product in a Supermarket Replenishment system. |
| Supplying Process |
供应程序 |
拉式系统中的上游程序。 |
Upstream process in a Pull System. |
| Throughput |
有效产出 |
系统在每个时间单位的完成工作的总数。一般而言,有效产出 = (销售 - 直接物料)。 |
Amount of work completed by a system per unit of time. Typically, Throughput = (Sales – Direct Materials). |
| Traditional Cost Accounting |
传统的成本会计 |
成本会计的方式试图将成本分摊到产品。这个方式,分摊经常费用,通常与直接人工成本成比例。 |
Cost Accounting approach that attempts to assign costs to products. In this approach, overhead is allocated, usually in proportion to direct labor. |
| Transfer batch |
转移批量 |
容许被搬动或转移从供应程序到顾客程序的工作数量。 |
The amount of work that is allowed to collect up before being moved or t ran sferred from a Supplier Process to a Customer Process. |
| Variability in Demand per period |
每时期的需求变化性 |
期间性的需求数量变化,一般以 标准偏差衡量之。 |
The amount of variation in demand from period to period. This is typically measured in Standard Deviations. |
| Visual Controls |
视觉控制 |
员工能以视觉来控制程序,不需或只需很少的指令。典型的例子包含停车场、停车灯、空货架等之动线。 |
Controls that people can process visually with little or no instruction or direction. Typical examples include lines in parking lots, stop lights, empty shelves, etc. |
| WIP Cap |
在制品限制 |
拉式方法中限制几个程序步骤间的在制品数量(不是限制每个程序的数量)。 |
Pull method where Work in Progress is limited across several processing steps (but not specifically limited at each step). |
| Work in Progress (WIP) |
在制品 |
已开工,未完成的工作。 |
Work that has been started, but is not yet complete. |